Compton Tortoiseshell (Nymphalis vaualbum or N. l-album)
Ice Age National Scientific Reserve Unit, Wisconsin, USA
2021-07-05 _F2A0316aaa
The world’s leaders are sociopaths:
“Illegal Russian timbers exported still China.
Badman Yoshio Nishioka /HUTAN Group/rainforest action group The #permafrosts (永久凍土) in West Russia loss 30～50% on 2050 by IPCC.
Climate Change ~ Russian Forestry: Turning the Lungs of the World
“Deforestation in Russia: Depleting the Lungs of the World”
OLIVER YORKEEUROPENOV
%Russia is the world's largest 64 million ha, 17% deforestation 8.4% deforestation since 2000, carbon absorption function is impossible in the future!!
Russia has the world's largest natural forests, 49% of Russia's land and 8 billion hectares. It accounts for 23% of Earth's forest area. However, much of this country's forests are under threat of rapid deforestation.
Between 2001 and 2019, Russia lost 6,4 million ha of relative tree damage. This equates to a decrease of 8.4% since 2000, equivalent to 17% globally. Russia lost 5.6 million hectares of tree damage while Brazil lost nearly 3 million hectares in 2018 alone.
Russian forests stretch from the Baltic Sea to the Sea of Japan, making up much of Europe's last wild forest and Siberia's vast wilderness. The world's forests, which have the ability to absorb carbon dioxide and discharge oxygen, are often referred to as the "lungs of the Earth."
Top 5 countries with forest areas in the world (Source: Weforum.org https://www.weforum.org/?fbclid=IwAR0MSRbbe5lU70S7pDc1rRxH3Z79eyzLF94es0C2KXQ4_sRHyXWBuSyNER8
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林Inadequate forest management
Russia's forests are state-owned and used by the private sector for commercial purposes. Forests are only allowed as a farming permit for companies between one year and 49 years, but the Russian President's Office reported that illegal farming increased by about 66% between 2008 and 2013. (No recent reports from Putin's administration? Nishinomiya's post-journalist)
Action to fight illegal forestry is carried out by the Russian Federation Forest Bureau, which is in charge of forest policy, forest regulation and enactment of new laws. The 2013 Russian Roundwood Act required the wood process to declare documents related to the transport of Roundwood, precious logs, and sales of Roundwood, in addition to implementation of penalties for breaching Roundwood’s law on trade declaration of logs, logs of valuable logs, and sale of roundwood in an open source database.
In addition, the 2008 export tax was aimed at limiting the export of logs, reducing the loss of forest resources, domestic processing, employment and increasing domestic forestry revenue.
Nevertheless, millions of hectares of land are unknown whether swamp or forest land, making it difficult to understand where illegal mining takes place. Governments and administrative agencies often lack funding to make this clear.
(P.S.T.S.A / If you change the name of the company, the company will not be prosecuted for malicious illegal activities by the government, and they will not be pursued by the reforestation, but they will not prosecute the companies that flee❗)
Most illegal frauds occur by illegally issued permits. The U.N. says 14.2% of timber companies experienced at least one grain payment request in 2012. This was a lack of overall transparency during the concession licensing process due to unfair competition and a license issued based on auction to the highest bidder, or a license given to a related individual with a country.
In general, with little government oversight and excessive fog, many illegal timber activities are abandoned and Russia's deforestation won't be sued.
Destroying China's demand for wood
China is the world’s largest importer of log and wood, becoming a hub for the remanufacturing and redistribution of timber products worldwide. 48.3% of these timber imports to China are supplied from Russia.
China has brought jobs and cash to the Russian region as Russia appeals to China's huge desire for timber. But China is strictly limiting domestic drills to protect its forests, allowing only Chinese workers to be deployed at Russia's timber facilities.
Kansk City Council member Avdoshikevich said Chinese lumbermen with headquarters in China are shipping as much wood as possible to China without considering manufacturing in Russia and environmental destruction.
About 20% of Russian timber exported to China is estimated to be illegally grown, helping Russia become a world leader in forestry.
Also, it is said that there is a shortage in the Russian wood industry. WWF's Nikolai Shmatkov believes law enforcement has reached its limits and is watching without action against Russian forestry workers who are selling timber to China without necessary permission.
China's timber rush temporarily stimulated Russia's local economy, but has sparked the anger of local Russian citizens against China, who doesn't want Russia to truly profit from its timber investment while destroying forests.
Wildfires raging on the rampage
Greenpeace International estimates 2 million hectares of Russian landscape, wider than Greece, and approximately 1,090 million hectares of forests have been burned by fires since early 2020.
According to Mr. Hayashino, the fire is in the "control zone," so authorities do not extinguish 91% of the fire. Forests are classified as controlled areas if fires do not affect locals and the cost of extinguishing them is greater than the residual damage from the fire.
"The role of fire in climate change is underrated." "Most of the fires are human-made," said Grigory Kukusin, head of the fire department at Green Peace Russia.
The Russian government had previously declared a state of emergency and sent troops to support firefighting operations, but local authorities said putting out wildfires is not economically feasible and dismissed wildfires as natural occurrence.
(Administration) / Sad situation❗ Because the government won't distribute fire fighting funds. Out of the woods❗
Russian Forest Bureau Aircraft, 2019.. The lowest amount of erosion until 2021, "we've been doing erosion", but since the budget invasion of Ukraine, most of the expenses have disappeared and we can't even do erosion activities❗)
Russia's environmental destruction beyond reforestation
According to the Russian Center for Hydrology and Meteorological Research, winter of 2019 has been the warmest winter in the past 130 years, and in addition to the destruction of carbon-absorbing forests across Russia, temperatures have risen due to the release of carbon dioxide, salt, and sludge. These are the conditions that activated the heat and dry tundra conditions that are causing forest fires across the Arctic.
According to Greg Henry, a meteorologist and tundra researcher at the University of British Columbia, “These fires are currently taking place within 15 kilometres from the Arctic Sea. “Usually, there’s not much fuel to burn.” Because it's kept cold by the sea, it won't start a fire far north. "
In addition, as it burns very close to the Arctic, fires have contributed to the erosion of Arctic permanent clay, in some cases it can lead to sudden earthquakes.
Western Russia's Arctic is experiencing the world's highest rate of permanent clay degradation, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that permanent clay near the surface of the Arctic Hemisphere could shrink by 15-30% by 2050.
Another impact of the Arctic forest fires is the burning of carbon-rich soil, decaying slowly as flooded plants decay, sometimes over thousands of years as they decay. These are the highest carbon-dense ecosystems on Earth. A typical northern basin is filled with about 10 times of carbon from the northern forests, and almost half of the carbon stored in the world's basin is located between 60 degrees and 70 degrees North along the Arctic.
As a result of the Arctic wildfires, northern wetlands will eventually change from carbon absorption sources to emissions sources, and could accelerate climate change even more dramatically.
Russia's response to deforestation has been brilliantly matched with the country's low commitment to climate change efforts, largely dependent on the oil and gas industries, and the poor practice of implementing the Green Initiative that could have a significant impact on the global climate. Not dealing with deforestation, for short term economic gain”
“Deforestation in Russia: Depleting the Lungs of the World”
“Climate change, fire return intervals and the growing risk of…”
“Siberian fire prevention failures, inadequate firefighting systems make it easy to cause re-fires, Siberian forests will take a big hit in the future, and the role of forest absorption is indispensable! Russia will expand warming unless the Putin regime or the stream Putin regime changes!
Badman Nishioka/HUTAN Group/rainforest action group/
From the summary "Climate change, interval of fire recurrence, increased risk of permanent forest loss in Northern Eurasia" #SiberianForestloss #BorealForest #Taiga #SiberiaFire
・Climate change is increasing the intensity of fires in the northern Eurasia forest.
• Short fire return intervals can lead to failure of post-fire activation and permanent loss of forest.
• 133,000 km2 of rainforest has already reached its peak due to failure to join.
• An additional 3 million km2 (~25%) are at risk of permanent deforestation by the end of this century.
• This impacts the ecosystem services and carbon footprint provided by the northern forests.
Highlights
•Climate change is driving an increase in the frequency of fires in the Eurasian Boreal Forest.
•Shorter fire return intervals can lead to post fire recruitment failure and permanent forest loss.
•133,000 km2 of Boreal Forest that has already reached the recruitment failure threshold.
•A further 3 M km2 (~25%) is at risk of permanent forest loss by end of the century.
•This has implications for the ecosystem services and carbon storage provided by boreal forests.
Climate change is increasing the severity and severity of fires in the northern forests of Eurasia. Many outdoor studies have linked changes in fire systems and failure to respond after fires to increasingly permanent forest loss. The study calculated the Lands Cape Scale Fire Recurrence Interval (FRI) and the associated risk of permanent forest loss, using four burn areas and two forest loss datasets. Next, using machine learning to predict how FRI (fire recurrence interval) would change under a high-emission scenario (SSP3–7.0) by the end of this century.
Currently 133,000 km2 of forest is at high risk of deforestation due to fire. Or at extreme risk and another 3 million km2 of forests are at risk by the end of this century. This could erode or destroy some of the world’s largest native forests left, adversely impact the health and economic well-being of people living in the area, and accelerate global climate change.”
“Boreal Forest Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2008
The Northern Forest, or Tyga, covers a vast area between the hot spring forests and the tundra in North America and Asia. These areas are characterized by cool winters, but water is usually not limited. Plant biodiversity is much smaller than hot spring forests, and shrubs are dominated by a few autumn leafy species. The biodiversity of the zoo is smaller than the hot spring forest, but Tyga supports many birds during the summer. The Arctic forests hold the largest pools of living biomass on the Earth's surface. Currently thought to be a normal source of carbon absorption, but global climate change could affect the balance of carbon flax.
Links2: An analysis in a 2022 Link2 report suggests that the presence of Birch, a reptile in Russia's southern Siberia, will become larger. Is it possible to expect? “
“The projected increase in the severity and intensity of the Northern Forest Fire is thought to be a key cause of carbon dioxide emissions and is linked to the erosion of perennial clay, which covers more than half of Russia.
Here we analyzed the forest structure and growth of the Kalamatsu forest in eastern Siberia according to the severity of the fire. 23 locations were measured along a seismic transsect over 1,500 km long in southern Siberia. The bodies of live trees vary greatly between geographical regions (p < 0.05), slightly from south to north (76–250 m3·ha 度1), and higher values in low-severe forests. Similarly, the amount of thin wood debris has decreased from south to north. Meanwhile, the amount of fallen trees has increased from south to north. The distribution of trees by linear classes in some areas showed clear evidence of fire, with very little or small trees in severe forests.
The impact of severe fires on forest volume can be ignored in southern sites and may be linked to rapid regeneration of swans. Cabanoki is a key component of the Kalamat forest near the southern border of the perennial land, and the Kalamatoo forest in the survey transsect may contribute to the lesser impact of wildfires than the northern Kalamatoo woods.
The predicted increase in frequency and intensity of boreal forest fires is considered a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions and linked with the degradation of permafrost covering more than half of Russia. Here we analyzed the stand structure and growth of East Siberian larch forests in response to fire severity. We measured 23 sites in the southern part of eastern Siberia along a latitudinal transect with a length of more than 1500 km. Live tree volume differed significantly across geographical regions (p < 0.05), decreasing from south to north (76–250 m3·ha−1), with higher values in forests burnt with low severity. Similarly, volume of coarse woody debris decreased from south to north. The volume of dead standing trees, on the other hand, increased from south to north. The distribution of trees by diameter class in some areas showed clear evidence of fires, with small trees being absent to rare in forests burnt at high severity. The impact of severe fires on stand volume was negligible at the southern sites, potentially associated with rapid regeneration of birch. Birch is an important component of larch forests near the southern boundary of the permafrost, which may contribute to larch forests in the southern part of the study transect being less vulnerable to wildfires compared to northern larch forests.”
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Yoshio Nishioka Methane News, Info and Data
Links2: Fires in Canada from the dust of Siberian fires with jet air currents in 2022
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